Singing Zikr of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan

The Singing Zikr of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan was documented by his brother Mahboob as:

To illustrate the melody shown above, the following link is a brief instrumental excerpt from the CD called  Zikar - the Singing Zikar of Hazrat Inayat Khan, composed by Pir Hidayat Inayat Khan:

                                 Zikar - the Singing Zikar of Hazrat Inayat Khan - track 2

For more information about the meaning of the words of this sacred phrase, see

                                Attunement to the sacred phrase lâ ilâha illâ allâh

For some guidance on pronunciation, here is a composite recording of seven different native speakers chanting, reciting or singing the sacred phrase lâ il��ha illâ allâh:

                                     Audo recordings of  lâ ilâha illâ allâh

And as the ultimate reference of how Pir-o-Murshid actually pronounced the phrase, here is a rare recording of Pir-O-Murshid Inayat Khan:

                       Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan singing allâhu akbar lâ ilâha illâ allâh
 

A variation on the theme?

The earliest known written notation of the entire Singing Zikr was handwritten in April, 1921 by Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan for one of his students, Saida van Tuyll. (The additional text beneath Pir-o-Murshid's music was written by Saida van Tuyll.)

Interestingly, in this rendering there is no flat on the second note (the note with the "e" above it). There are two schools of thought on this issue: On one hand, the missing flat could simply be an oversight, or, on the other hand, perhaps the flat on the second note was deliberately omitted. Each of these explanations has its own proponents.

If the omission was accidental, then we simply have the same music as described above by Mahboob. Or, if the omission was deliberate, then the resulting scale, while odd by Western standards, is well known in India as Rag Bhairavi, and is the only Raga form intended to be sung at any time of the day or night.

It seems most likely that the Zikr was originally introduced in the style as shown above in Inayat Khan's own handwriting, but the Indian scheme of having a natural 2nd in the ascending scale and a flat 2nd in the descending scale was too difficult for his Western students, so the ascending natural 2nd (D as written above) was changed to a flat 2nd (D-flat as shown in Mahboob's version), which is much easier for those accustomed to Western music. And, interestingly, both of these styles are Rag Bhairavi.

As evidence that the natural 2nd in the ascending scale was in fact Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan's prefered form, here is an exercise which he gave to Rabia Martin in May 1911, in his own handwriting:

Note that this is exactly the same melody as the first line of the Zikr which Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan gave to Saida van Tuyll some 10 years later, clearly with no flat on the second note.

To illustrate the difference in sound between these two different versions of Rag Bhairavi, here are two brief recordings of Pir Shabda Kahn and Murshida Leilah Be singing the two subtly different versions of the Zikr of Hazrat Inayat Khan:

                      Zikr of Hazrat Inayat Khan sung in Rag Bhairavi (natural 2nd ascending)

                Zikr of Hazrat Inayat Khan sung in "easier" Rag Bhairavi style (flat 2nd ascending)
 

Here are Pir Shabda Kahn's thoughts on these two different versions:

Hazrat Inayat Khan was a Classical Indian Musician. In order to have a Zikr that people could sing any time of day he had to choose Rag Bhairavi which is the only Raga you can sing anytime night and day.

The extraordinary characteristics of Bhairavi are that even though the principle notes are all the flat notes, flat 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 7th all the pitches are allowed in the way that is appropriate for Bhairavi. It is a very natural feature of Bhairavi to have a natural 2nd in the ascent and flat 2nd in the descent.

Further, the form of singing the Zikr is 2 times the 'low' melody' once the 'high' melody and once the 'low' melody. This follows the form of the simplest rhythmic cycle in Indian Classical music, namely Teental (16 beat cycle), where the third set of four beats is different than the other three and is called 'kali' (empty).

To me it is clear Hazrat Inayat Khan wrote the Zikr with a natural 2nd in the ascendant and when he tried to teach it, it was too difficult for the students to do on their own without more music training. I have had this same experience teaching many times!

                                        Pir Shabda Kahn

Regardless of the exact details, through some long-forgotten chain of events, we are twice blessed to have inherited two versions of this magnificent zikr... which offers a delightful opportunity to explore the subtle difference in sound and discover through your own experience which version best suits your heart.

               Out beyond ideas of wrong-doing and right-doing,
                   there is a field.
                 I'll meet you there.

                                             Rumi -- Essential Rumi, by Coleman Barks

with love,
    wahiduddin

Note:  For additional information about the musical career and other music by Hazrat Inayat Khan please see the article, as well as the footnotes and links at the bottom of the page at:   hik_music_bio.htm

last updated 8-Jun-2010